Diabetes mellitus is a fairly serious disease that statistics show that almost one in four is susceptible. Since today the number of patients exceeds 350 million people, the diet in diabetes mellitus is being carefully studied, which, according to experts, should be followed not only by patients, but also by people predisposed to the development of the disease.
Obesity, genetic predisposition, or stomach disorders can lead to severe cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant phenomena, and dieting becomes a necessary measure for maintaining a normal condition.
Features of diet in diabetes mellitus
The diet for diabetes can vary greatly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, in which there are several diets and diets due to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar into glucose.
But any kind of disease requires compliance with general eating habits.
Basic dietary guidelines for diabetes
Diet in diabetes should be carried out in strict compliance with the basic rules. In both forms of the disease, there are therefore the following aspects of nutrition:
- Diet should contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates in a balanced proportion for the presence of the disease.
- The number of meals should be increased slightly. So you should eat in small portions every 3-4 hours, dishes for diabetics should be low in calories.
- The calorie content of food and dishes should be calculated carefully and carefully - it should not exceed the daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the likelihood of weight gain increases, which is fraught with complications in diabetes.
- Almost every diet for patients with the presented condition follows the basics of a proper and balanced diet. You should include vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins in the diet, not neglecting fats and amino acids.
It should be noted that each patient should consult their physician regarding the nutritional information for their specific case. It is not recommended to follow any particular diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.
The attending physician must calculate the calorie content for the patient and make certain changes according to the individual characteristics of the organism.
Type 1 Diabetes and Diet
As strange as it may sound, the type 1 diabetes diet relies on the proper administration of insulin, so here you should be careful about the use of foods that significantly increase blood sugar.
It turns out that the diet for such patients does not require restrictions, only correct billing and timely administration of insulin into the blood. The following principles and rules for the administration of insulin apply here:
- Food that does not contain a lot of carbohydrates in its composition should not be considered. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in appropriate quantities, but their consumption must not be reduced or stopped entirely.
- Only products containing carbohydrates can be counted - these are flour and confectionery products, as well as plant-based products and liquid dairy products.
Insulin should be administered according to the amount of food consumed. You should also prepare for food intake in good time. Here you need to apply the following principles and rules for administering insulin:
- if the treatment is with short-acting insulin, the introduction is made 20 minutes before meals;
- if treatment is with medium-duration insulin, the introduction is made 40 minutes before a meal;
- When using the combined insulin, it is administered according to the scheme 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.
The insulin dose should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is carried out by calculating bread units (XE).
The unit is a 25 g piece of bread (10-12 g carbohydrates) that increases a person's blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / l.
The attending physician can give you precise information about the calculations. For an accurate calculation of the dose of insulin, you should also study the table that shows the indicators of the carbohydrate content in each product.
Type 2 Diabetes and Diet
The type 2 diabetes diet is very different from the type 1 diet. In doing so, one should not only consider the products permitted for consumption, but also carefully monitor the calorie content of the daily food. So here are the following indicators:
- The normal daily calorie content should be in the range of 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy expenditure;
- with overweight, the calorie content necessarily drops to 1300-1500 kcal;
- If you are very overweight, the attending physician can reduce the calorie content to 1000 kcal per day;
- there are times when excess weight significantly exceeds the norm, and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.
The calorie content of food should be calculated by the attending physician, since it takes into account not only weight indicators of a person, but also the presence of diseases such as arrhythmia, severe chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.
The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:
- Carbohydrates in total daily food should not exceed 55%. Products that are saturated with vitamins, minerals and fiber are preferred. For example whole grain bread, whole grain products, legumes and vegetables. Sugar-containing products are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, xylitol or sorbitol is allowed to be consumed in the amount of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of body weight of the patient, divided into 2-3 doses at the same time.
- Proteins for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus are allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Lean meats in the form of poultry, lean fish, and cottage cheese should be preferred. The daily intake of proteins in food is 15-20%.
- 30% of the daily ration contains fats that reach the body to a greater extent from vegetable oils.
- They consume salt and fatty foods in limited amounts.
Experts advise taking the diet of people with diabetes seriously. It is better to make a menu for every day, for 2-3 days, or even for a whole week.
It will not be superfluous to present it to the attending physician, who can make adjustments to the patient's state of health.
Features of a low-carb diet in type 2 diabetes
Typically, most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination so that a person can more easily tolerate the disease and not expose the body to sharp and significant "jumps" in blood sugar levels.
Therefore, many experts recommend a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?
Scientists have suggested that it is quite difficult for sick people to follow proper diet and basic principles immediately after diagnosing their disease.
In addition, the main task here is to lose excess weight, so the patient must reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.
Thus, a person begins to suffer from a sharp drop in blood sugar levels, which follows in conjunction with constant hunger. According to scientists, this can easily be avoided by consuming more protein.
Protein foods are great for losing weight. In addition, foods containing protein are safest for people with diabetes mellitus. This diet is more reminiscent of the well-known "Kremlin".
However, such a diet should be resorted to only with the consent of the attending physician, since the ingestion of proteins in the body in large quantities can be harmful to health and provoke an exacerbation of chronic diseases.
In compliance with the presented diet, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which are prescribed by the attending physician.
Principles and basics of the "table number 9" diet
Most specialists support not only proper nutrition, but also the use of special medical diets.
A diet called "Table No. 9", which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional bases, was specially developed for patients with the disease presented.
It points out exactly how to eat properly with diabetes mellitus, lists permitted and prohibited foods.
The presented menu is also divided into two categories, corresponding to the 1st and 2nd type of disease. But there are general principles that must be learned and followed in order to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Principles of the "table number 9" diet
The presented diet contains basic principles that, without question, should be taken into account. This includes the following aspects:
- Meals can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you need to eat small portions every 3 hours.
- The menu for diabetics is compiled without the consumption of fried, spicy, fatty foods.
- You can only eat cooked, steamed and baked dishes.
- Sweets for diabetics should be replaced with natural products or by adding sweeteners.
"Table No. 9" contains a full list of foods that are permitted for consumption, which are rich in vitamins and other beneficial microelements. You should pay attention to fruits with a high content of ascorbic acid, which are allowed to be consumed in small quantities during the day.
What can you eat with diabetes?
The presented diet fully indicates to the patient what can be eaten with diabetes mellitus of any type. It is recommended that these foods be included in the diet to help maintain sugar levels and avoid complications. Approved products are:
- all flour products made from wholemeal and wholemeal flour;
- sausages with a low fat content and fat inclusions;
- all kinds of fish associated with low-fat varieties;
- all kinds of lean meat;
- Vegetables and green vegetables;
- Low sugar fruits;
- Oatmeal, buckwheat and millet are allowed from grain;
- all low-fat dairy products;
- Tea, freshly squeezed juices from permitted fruits and vegetables, herbal teas from drinks are permitted.
Allowed foods are consumed according to the rules and characteristics mentioned above, depending on the type of disease.
What not to eat if you have diabetes
In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are forbidden, they must be consumed with the greatest vigilance and accuracy. The list of prohibited products includes:
- all kinds of candies, including candies with a high sugar content (Type of jam);
- fatty poultry meat;
- Salt content in the form of salted fish, salted canned food and other pickles;
- fatty and drinkable fermented milk products such as baked milk, cream and yogurt;
- You cannot eat strong broths;
- Pasta, rice and semolina are prohibited - they increase the level of sugar;
- hot spices, spices, snacks;
- sweet fruits;
- industrial juices from packaging - they are high in sugar;
- all alcoholic beverages.
The nature of the disease in this case does not in any way affect the ability to consume prohibited foods. According to experts, patients with type 1 diabetes should also stick to a diet so as not to worsen the situation.
Controversial fruits and vegetables in diabetes
There are several controversial topics in the diet for people with diabetes. Since natural products, including spices, are allowed, doctors themselves are beginning to restrict patients' use of them. What is the reason for that?
Controversial fruits in diabetes
In the article it was mentioned repeatedly that unsweetened fruits are allowed for consumption in the presence of the presented disease. They are low in sugar and therefore do not harm the patient in any way.
However, even patients with years of experience do not know exactly which fruits can be eaten with diabetes mellitus. There is no need to talk about the ban on the use of grapes, but there are several controversial fruits, including:
- Persimmon. Is it possible to eat persimmons with diabetes mellitus if their taste is vaguely sweet? This fact confuses most patients.
In fact, this fruit is rich in vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact also allows sick people to use persimmon, as it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index - 70%.
It turns out you can eat persimmon, but only in limited quantities - 70g of the fruit is 1 XE. Persimmons for type 2 diabetes mellitus are also allowed for consumption, but in limited quantities - no more than 1 fruit per day.
- Mandarins. Citrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But is it possible to eat mandarins with diabetes mellitus is a moot point.
The fact is that tangerines contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which leads to a sharp increase in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, experts advise against eating mandarins in moderation.
- Watermelon and melon. By the end of summer, melons will ripen, encouraging patients to eat watermelon and melon.
These berries have a high glycemic index - 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a large release of sugar into the patient's blood, causing malaise and fainting.
These diabetic products are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult the attending physician, who will be able to calculate the permissible dosage of fruit for consumption.
Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes mellitus
The use of vegetables in diabetes mellitus is also controversial.
Many patients are not even aware that vegetables and root crops such as potatoes, carrots, beets and tomatoes are strictly prohibited.
The vegetables listed contain a large amount of glucose, starch, and sugar that are unacceptable for patients with diabetes mellitus.
The following products can also be considered:
- Jerusalem artichoke against diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains many amino acids, trace elements and inulin, which makes up at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide made up of several fructose chains. It turns out that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but must be included in the diet in diabetes mellitus, since its benefits are in preventing the occurrence of gastrointestinal diseases.
- Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a large amount of protein, carbohydrates and fiber, which has a positive effect on weight control and maintenance, and also contributes to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes mellitus should definitely be eaten, you just have to carefully monitor the amount of product in a serving, because there is also a high sugar content here.
- Sauerkraut with diabetes is also causing a lot of controversy because, as mentioned above, salting is prohibited for patients. However, this type of salting is allowed for patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and cucumber improve metabolism, which leads to gradual weight loss. There are also useful properties for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small quantities.
Looking at recipes for diabetics can tell you a lot of interesting things about food uses, including vegetables and fruits.
Here you should carefully weigh the amount of products needed for cooking. If necessary, calculate the amount of food that you are allowed to consume.
Healthy foods for diabetes
In the case of diabetics, some natural products only have a positive effect on the function of the entire body. For example, you cannot completely exclude the consumption of glucose. It is the basis of most of the processes in the human body that functions as an integral part.
Based on the need and benefits of using natural products in diabetes mellitus, scientists give their list, which lists all the properties that should be considered when choosing and at the time of creating a diet.
Darling
Most patients refuse to consume honey. It seems to them that it is high in sugar and glucose. As it turns out, this natural product only consists of 40% sucrose. However, it contains the same amount of glucose, which can ban the use of honey in diabetes.
Even so, experts say that honey is simply irreplaceable in diabetes. You can replace normal and usual sugar.
A serving of honey in type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1-2 tablespoons. Split it up into several steps: add it to baked goods or tea.
cinammon
Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of the spice in the body, the sensitivity of cells to the insulin produced increases, which helps normalize and lower blood sugar levels.
In addition, in diabetes, cinnamon helps cleanse blood vessels and internal organs from toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect on the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.
For a pleasant cinnamon application, add half a teaspoon to your tea or coffee. You can also sprinkle a little spice on all dishes, according to your taste and preferences.
Bay leaves
Bay leaf in diabetes mellitus is necessary for use, but it is contraindicated in severe diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to use this natural product to strengthen immunity, accelerate metabolism and cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.
Bay leaves, on the other hand, should not be consumed by people with late-stage diabetes, kidney disease, or stomach ulcers.
Bay leaf is mandatory in type 2 diabetes, in which the patient is overweight and has high cholesterol.
The use of bay leaves in the form of a dressing for dishes is allowed, but it makes even more sense to use an infusion. To prepare it, take 10 bay leaves and pour three glasses of boiling water.
Let the infusion to infusion stand for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and half an hour before meals. This will help keep your blood sugar levels at the right level.
Stevia
Almost nobody knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes mellitus, but regular use of the infusion helps keep glucose levels at the required levels, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.
The collection is easily available in the pharmacy. It should be brewed according to the instructions given and the herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.
With diabetes mellitus, eat right, according to the basic recommendations of specialists. This is how you keep your blood sugar level at a healthy level and feel good in an emergency.